Friday, August 21, 2020
Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay -- Hemingway Hills White
Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants à à à à à Everyday individuals settle on choices that influence their future lives. Do individuals settle on the correct choices? What settles on a choice a correct one? What may be on the whole correct to a few, might not be right to other people. There are no set in stone choices however those that individuals pick and accept to be correct differing from every person. In Hemingway's sensible story, Hills Like White Elephants, Dance endeavors to roll out a urgent improvement in her life by settling on the correct choice, be that as it may, can't on account of her powerless trademark defects. Dance is uncertain about her choice. Despite the fact that she understands the conceivable outcomes, she has troubles relinquishing old propensities, has a low confidence that prompts her being agreeable, and sets up a slight battle by concealing her sentiments behind her snide remarks. à à à à à Jig faces a colossal choice that will change her future. She should pick between the old and the new way of life. It is difficult for her to relinquish old propensities that comprises of assuming no liability and the sole expectation of looking for delight. She should go from a youthful worriedless agitator to a steady grown-up assuming liability. It's a hard procedure since there are three stages to evolving: acknowledgment, carrying out the thing, and focusing on the change. She certainly acknowledges she needs to change, yet just goes that far. She walks as far as possible of the station and views the prolific side of the valley and remarks and we could have this, yet she ...
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Janacek Sinfonietta, Sibelius Symphony No 5 Concert Review - Free Essay Example
I was not able to attend a live performance, so I went onto the London Symphony Orchestra webpage and watched an on-demand broadcast Live from the Barbican Hall on Wednesday 19 September 2018. The performance featured: JANACEK Sinfonietta, SIBELIUS Symphony No 5, Sir Simon Rattle conductor, London Symphony Orchestra. The performance began with movement number 1: Movement Fanfares Allegretto. Allegretto is a diminutive, meaning slightly slower than allegro. Fanfare is a flourish of trumpets. It started off slow and smooth and then the tempo continued to rise. It elaborated one single theme because the nine C trumpets, the bass trumpets, and tenor tubas are heard only in the first and last movements. The acoustics and fanfares gave off an almost overwhelming sound. The trumpets that were standing in the back of the hall had amazing harmonics. It almost gave a happy to be alive impression. The castle, Brno: Andante has two themes supported by the wind instruments and strings, melody and dance motive. During this performance the clarinets played almost at walking pace. It made me dance a little bit in my seat. The melody was sweet and rhythmic. While listening the Andante there were a couple times where I could picture birds and a forest. When the trumpets started playing towards the end of that movement, the sound was much deeper, it reminded me of sounds you would hear at military funerals. The violins were slow and steady, but the pace quickly arose to a faster tempo. The 3rd movement was The Queens Monastery, Brno: Moderato. Janacek wrote this in 1926 and was intended to express his spiritual beauty and joy. During this performance it seemed like a modern approach and it sounded like an earthy, raw quality. The violins started the song slow and sweet. As each note passed, the violins became a deeper sound. The clarinets were giving a tender sound until the trombones chimed in with a higher pitch. During this performance there were unusual sounds. The wind instruments, strings and brass were all unison and played together as a team. After the intermission, conductor, Simon Rattle began the rest of the performance with Sibelius Symphony No 5 in E flat Mvt 1 called Tempo molto moderato- Allegro moderato (ma poco a poco stretto)- Presto- Jean Sibelius was a finnish composer and violinist of the early modern and romantic periods. During this performance, it sounded like it was telling a story of someone in danger and then the person finally stood up and confronted the danger. The tempo slowed down and only the violinists and the bassoons played but then became allegro. The 3rd movement: Allegro molto Misterioso Un pochettino largamente Largamente assai Un pochettino stretto (in E-flat major). This was my favorite movement of the entire show, during this time, the flutes and strings played famous melodies. The motif was developed and during the final segment the motif returned to the home key. Sibelius can be related to nature and bird calls. It showed human willpower spiraling in the closing piece. Youre able to hear the swans during the finale of the 5th Symphony, the swan theme is beautiful. The end is the same as the beginning, it was a rotational form. The dynamics were incredible, and it made is seem like an external illusion.
Saturday, May 16, 2020
James Madison University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores
James Madison University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 71%. Students may apply to JMU on the Coalition Application or the universitys website. James Madison offers 74 undergraduate degree programs with majors in business being the most popular. JMU has a high retention and graduation rate compared to similar public universities, and the school frequently ranks well nationally for both value and academic quality. The attractive campus located in Harrisonburg, Virginia features an open quad, a lake, and the Edith J. Carrier Arboretum. In athletics, the JMU Dukes compete in the NCAA Division I Colonial Athletic Association and Eastern College Athletic Conference. Popular sports at JMU include football, basketball, lacrosse, swimming, and tennis. Considering applying to James Madison University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, James Madison University had an acceptance rate of 71%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 71 students were admitted, making James Madisons admissions process somewhat less competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 23,149 Percent Admitted 71% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 28% SAT Scores and Requirements With the exception of recruited student-athletes, James Madison University does not require applicants to submit SAT or ACT scores for admission. Students may opt to submit SAT/ACT scores if they believe it will strengthen their application. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 74% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th percentile 75th percentile ERW 570 650 Math 550 640 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of the JMU admitted students who submitted scores, most fall within the the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to James Madison scored between 570 and 650, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 650. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 550 and 640, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 640. Requirements The SAT is optional at James Madison University. Students may submit their SAT scores if they believe they will add to their application. Division I recruited student-athletes are required to provide access to their SAT scores to determine eligibility per NCAA guidelines. ACT Scores and Requirements With the exception of recruited student-athletes, James Madison University does not require applicants to submit SAT or ACT scores for admission. Students may opt to submit SAT/ACT scores if they believe it will strengthen their application. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 21% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th percentile 75th percentile Composite 23 28 This admissions data tells us that of the JMU admitted students who submitted scores, most fall within the top 31% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to JMU received a composite ACT score between 23 and 28, while 25% scored above 28 and 25% scored below 23. Requirements The ACT is optional at James Madison University. Students may submit their ACT scores if they believe they will add to their application. Division I recruited student-athletes are required to provide access to their ACT scores to determine eligibility per NCAA guidelines. GPA James Madison University does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph James Madison University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to James Madison University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting inà with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances James Madison University is a selective public university that rejects around 30% of all applicants. To get in, most students will need to have taken rigorous high school coursework and received above-average grades. Minimum requirements include 4 years of math, 3 years of laboratory science, 4 years of English, 4 years of social science, and 3-4 years in the same foreign language (or 2 years of 2 different foreign languages). JMU is looking for students who have taken college level Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, or Honors-level coursework. If a student believes it will strengthen their application, they may submit a personal statement, letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, and standardized test scores, however, these items are not required. All admissions data has been sourced from theà National Center for Education Statisticsà andà James Madison University Undergraduate Admissions Office.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Current State Of The Ecological Environment Essay
How can bioart be seen to embody the concept of the ritual that would have the capacity to breach the nature/culture and human/animal dichotomies in the context of ecology? Sub-Questions Background/Context Questions What is the current state of the ecological environment? Why is it urgent to address and transform the increasing culture/nature and human/animal dichotomies present in secular societies? Why should traditional concepts, namely ritual, be considered as still relevant and essential in this context? What is the current position bioart occupies in the contemporary society? Why should bioart be intersected with the ritual in the context of ecology? Main Questions In what way ritualââ¬â¢s form, structure and process relate to that of bioart? By what means do the key theoretical approaches on ritual, namely performance, communication, ecology, aesthetics and semiotics echo in bioart? How the paradigmatic concepts on ritual, such as agency, dynamics, embodiment, liminality, transmission and virtuality, correspondingly resonate in bioart? What kinds of rituals biotechnological practices could be seen to entail? Does bioart provide new kinds of rites? Why seeing bioart as ritual is important? Does and if so, how, can bioart as ritual have the capacity to transform human and nonhuman relationship as well as bridge the culture/nature dichotomy? In what way does this approach affect the concept of bioart itself and how does it change its role in the society? WhyShow MoreRelatedThe Bronfenbrenner Theory Essay1228 Words à |à 5 PagesThe composition of Urie Bronfenbrennerââ¬â¢s ecological theory cultivate a framework to study the numerous connections between the developing child from mother and father relationships to the environment, community settings, cultural influences and financial factors. The four levels of environmental stimuli the micro- , meso- , exo- and macrosystems, each intermingled within one another representing degrees of personal connections. Change and constancy are mediated by the passage of time. The chronosystemRead MoreEssay about Canada: Globalization and Sustainable Development1486 Words à |à 6 Pagesoccurrence of globalization, sustainable development, and the ecological footprint are all seemingly connected in todayââ¬â¢s environmental capacities. To further understand these environmental processes, one must divulge into these individual environmental concepts to properly understand their facilitati ons. Furthermore, according to professor Vamvakas ââ¬Å"a major theme of Sustainable development is the alternative to the destruction of the world environment by the economic imperative of globalizationâ⬠(VamvakasRead MoreEconomic Sustainability And The Problems Facing The Global Population Of A Large Scale Than Regular Human Choice1369 Words à |à 6 Pagessustainability and whether or not it is compatible with ecological sustainability through comparisons of countries with a high Gross Domestic Product and their quality of life. The main idea behind this research question is whether or not the amount of ecological destruction for human needs matches the amount of consumption currently occurring globally; insinuating that mans need is far less than the destruction for mans greed. Ecological Sustainability: Importance and the problems it faces OneRead MoreContemporary Management Of Traditional Forest1274 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe United States. Over eighteen million acres on 334 tribal reservation in 36 states are forests and woodlands (IFMAT). These forested ecosystems are vital to tribal communities therefore it is important to address frameworks offered for co-managing resources. Despite the popular assumption, Indian tribes have managed lands for thousands of years prior to Euro-American settlement. Tribal communities relied on traditional knowledge to sustain their livelihoods. Traditional ecological knowledge isRead More Teaching Students Ecological Literacy In the Secondary English Classroom1696 Words à |à 7 PagesTeaching Students Ecological Literacy In the Secondary English Classroom In todays world, we are bombarded with industry, economic advancement, and progressivism with new technology. As our world becomes more high tech and produces more products for our consumer world, we may soon face many environmental problems, due to our over-consumption of resources and our excessive, industrial lifestyles. Within all curriculums, I find it highly important to address these issues concerningRead MoreMy Views On America Moving Toward A Sustainable Society1740 Words à |à 7 Pagesall weââ¬â¢ve discussed about the ecologic condition of the planet now and if current consumption patterns continue tell me your views on whether you think Americans as a whole are moving toward a sustainable society. If not what are your views on one or two changes to these patterns that could improve potential for achieving a sustainable society. My views on America moving toward a sustainable society, looking at our current pattern could be highly achievable. Our generation is becoming aware thatRead MoreHow is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint?1552 Words à |à 7 Pages How is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint? According to the Brundtland Report, sustainable development is defined as ââ¬Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.â⬠In this definition, two challenges are worth nothing: meeting the needs of worldââ¬â¢s poor, as well as the environmental limitations brought about by technological advancements and social organizations. According to Ruzevicius (2010)Read MoreSolution to the Current Global Economy: Judaism and Economic Reform, by Norman Solomon1103 Words à |à 5 Pagesreligious base solutions. While discussing two major economic problems that plague the worldââ¬â¢s current economy, Solomon introduces the Jewish view of the global economy and their general view on economics as a whole. With this introduction to the Jewish worldview of economics we as readers are able to transition into understanding Solomonââ¬â¢s solutions of education using Jewish law to improve the current state of the global economy. Although Solomonââ¬â¢s ideas of education and relying on Jewish law to improveRead MoreEcological Services of Rivers Essay712 Words à |à 3 PagesEcological Services of Rivers R Kuzniar Abstract What is the concept of ecological services? What are ecological services of rivers and why are they important? What ecological services of rivers will decline due to human influence and why they will decline? Keywords: purification, wildlife, decline Ecological Services of Rivers What is an ecological service? An ecological service is an ecosystem which serves all living organisms through all types of environmental purifications. WeRead More1. Background The environmental problems that the world has been suffering from in the last 1001300 Words à |à 6 Pagesenvironmental economics and ecological economics. Environmental economics is a sub-discipline under the traditional economics field that emphases on present environmental issues. This sub-discipline emerged in the 1950s and 1960ââ¬â¢s after the recognition that the environment have to be included in the market system while the economy core remained the same (Pearce et al., 1993). It takes raw environmental materials as income (i.e.: harvest wheat and sell it) without accounting any ecological limitations (Sullivan
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Module seven forensic science free essay sample
What is DNA? Where is it found? DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid. It contains genetic information. Found pretty much anywhere; including saliva, hair strand, etc. What is mitochondrial DNA? DNA located in the mitochondria . What is CODIS? How does it work? CODIS is the combined DNA identification system. It has a database full of DNA samples from criminals and others who voluntarily gave their DNA. What are complimentary base patterns? Why are they important? Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. They are important to the structure of the DNA 5. What is RFLP? What are some of the limitations of this technique? RFLP is a method used by molecular biologists in order to follow a sequence of DNA as it is passed on to other cells. Critical Thinking Questions Why do you think DNA has had such an impact on forensic science? It has allowed us to advance as a society, making it possible to serve justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Module seven forensic science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What do you think would be some of the challenges in collecting DNA evidence? How would you overcome these challenges? Sometimes DNA might get contaminated; for example, the person gathering the evidence accidentally spits while talking and gets saliva on a swab used to gather someone elseââ¬â¢s DNA this may alter the evidence and in the end, maybe even cause for a mistrial to occur. à Compare and contrast nuclear DNA with mitochondrial DNA. Which one would you want to use in a criminal investigation if you had the choice? Nuclear DNA because it is more complex where mitochondrial DNA has less variability. Mitochondrial DNA is passed directly from mother to offspring in humans and nuclear DNA is mixed and matched, so is different. Which of the DNA typing techniques do you think you would choose if you had to analyze a DNA sample? Why? I would use PCR because it is used by many scientists and is also cheap. This process basically replicates DNA strand so they can be used in other tests as well and it only takes a few hours which is beneficial in criminal justice because of the constant pressure of solving cases despite the fact that some evidence takes a long time to gather or treat. 5. What challenges do you think giving expert testimony about DNA would have? How would you try to overcome these challenges? You would have to be prepared to explain the process of findingà the DNA and the comparison to the guilty person. If there are around 10 markers that are alike, then the possibility of having the wrong person would be one in several billion, so you have a better chance than a DNA profile matching only 2 markers. This is something you would have to explain and prove to the jury. Being well informed and knowing what youââ¬â¢re talking about would make you seem more confident because youââ¬â¢re not doubting yourself, plus credible work such as awards youââ¬â¢ve received in the past while researching this subject will increase your image of knowing what youââ¬â¢re talking about.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
Napoleon Iii Essay Example
Napoleon Iii Essay An Assessment of Whether Napoleon Bonaparte or Louis Napoleon Had More Significant Reforms in France Both Napoleon Bonaparte and his nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte were important rulers of France. They ruled with great power and control, they implemented many sweeping reforms and laws that greatly changed the course of French and European life. Napoleon Bonaparte and Louis Napoleon, also referred to as Napoleon III, each directed France through many reforms under their rule. However, the leader with the more significant reforms and impact on France was Napoleon III. Napoleon III had longer lasting reforms in the likes of rebuilding and modernizing Paris, constructing the French railway and heading a strong French foreign policy that included the unification of Italy. He also led France through a period of prosperity and industrialization. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected the president of France at age 40, and capped a quite remarkable, and unlikely rise to power. Cavendish, 1998, para. 1). Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, named after his uncle Napoleon I, had never held a government position, nor had he even shown any sort of political capability, he rose to power solely through widespread support in France that he was the rightful heir to Napoleon I. (Cavendish, 1998, para. 1,2). In essence, Louis Napoleon rode into control of France on the coattails of his uncle and then he took his uncleââ¬â¢s rule and furthered the reforms and French power. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Iii specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Iii specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Iii specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Louis Napoleon campaigned that he would return France back to the glory that they had once had under the first Napoleon, and that he, as a ruler, was destined to bring France once again to the top of Europe. (Cavendish, 1998, para. 5). His strategy successfully swept him into the office of President of Franceââ¬â¢s Second Republic. The Professional Politicians in France couldnââ¬â¢t believe that Louis Napoleon had won, and they were even more shocked when he did away with them. But this didnââ¬â¢t satisfy the ambitious ruler and he quickly took advantage of an economic slump in 1851 and posed himself to be the man that the French needed, not as president but as emperor. (Cavendish, 1998, final paragraph). Louis Napoleon Bonaparte can now be called Napoleon III, for in 1852 he declared himself the perfect fit for the job to keep France from collapse and socialism, the Emperor of the second French Empire. (Cavendish, 1998, final paragraph). The citizens of France, so scared of anarchy, and still believing in the ââ¬Å"Napoleonic Idealsâ⬠that Napoleon I had left behind, overwhelmingly accepted Louis Napoleon as their new Emperor. The new parliamentary constitution that Napoleon III set up gave him the executive powers; it allowed him to nominate the members of the law-making council of state and the senate. (ââ¬Å"France History-Second French Empireâ⬠n. d. , para. 1). Now that Louis-Napoleon had full control of France, he could freely implement actions and reforms that he couldnââ¬â¢t have easily achieved as President. One of Napoleonââ¬â¢s keen interests was in architecture, and it was his desire to make Paris a new modern city that ultimately turned Paris from an overcrowding, ancient, disease-ridden cluster of districts into the thriving beauty it is today. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 2). Napoleonââ¬â¢s interest was the foundation that would produce the plans for a rebuilding of Parisââ¬â¢s streets, its sewers, and all other aspects of urban planning. It would change the sight of Paris to something unlike anyone had seen. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 2). For hundreds of years, certain areas hadnââ¬â¢t been improved, and the daunting task of a renewal of Paris was laid on Baron Haussmann. Haussmann was a big time planner and was an advocate for beautiful sights, perfect balance and exactness. (ââ¬Å"Parisâ⬠pg. 18). Haussmannââ¬â¢s desire of linear symmetry surfaced in his first step, which was to put Paris on a grid. He added streets to Paris that ran east and west, and north and south. These new streets were also wider, allowing for more public safety and safer traffic engineering. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 4). The rapid population growth mixed with fierce industrialization made some changes to Paris an absolute necessity. An example of this was shown in the growing demand for water closets, which directly led to the need to funnel the human waste effectively into the sewers. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 6). The old ways of dumping the waste in the rivers was rejected, and it was now an objective to keep the clean and dirty water separate. This new practice allowed for cleaner water, cleaner streets, cleaner people, and a much-improved healthy environment. (Kirkman, 2007, para. , and final paragraph). Under Napoleonââ¬â¢s constant input and watch Haussmann unified Paris with visual themes and facades that generated all around in the city. The horizontal style of Haussmann can be seen throughout Paris. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 7). Perhaps the most unifying aspect that Paris received during its makeover was the improvement of the transportation systems. The railroads underwent massive modernization as train stations were constructed in strategic locations to connect Paris with the rest of France and to the rest of Europe. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 10). These new train stations benefitted agriculture, industrial growth, international markets, employment opportunities, and they represented the overall feeling of a more modern city and nation that could be envied from surrounding countries. (Kirkman, 2007, para. 10). Napoleon III exemplified the prosperity and excellence of the time period by this complete rebuilding of Paris. With the help of grand scale designer Baron Haussmann, Paris ââ¬Å"slashed boulevards through tangles of slums, began the modern sewer and water systemsâ⬠and set the standard high for the beautiful city that still thrives today. ââ¬Å"Parisâ⬠pg. 18) Napoleon III didnââ¬â¢t just focus on the improvement and his influence inside of France. Napoleon III headed a strong French foreign policy that occurred in the Second Empire. Particularly important was Napoleon IIIââ¬â¢s indispensible role in the Italian unification process. Count Camillo di Cavour was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardin ia, most commonly known as Piedmont, and it was his revolutionary ideals and actions that pushed Italian unification forward. But Cavour needed the help of a strong ally in order to achieve is goals; this ally came in the form of Napoleon III and France. Oracle ThinkQuest, n. d. , Section III para. 2). Napoleon III always had a specific future planned out for Italy, he even once pushing for his cousin to rule there. (Geddes, 2010, para. 2). Napoleon III attempted to influence these rising movements of unification in Italy following the Revolutions of 1848. Whatever Napoleonââ¬â¢s intentions were for Italy, whether it was to use Italy as an asset to serve France in the future or if it was to genuinley support the Italian unification, Napoleon saw himself as one that was obligated to be the leader of these ââ¬Å"free peoples of Europe. â⬠(Geddes, 2010, para. ). Without the help of the Frech army and the support of Napoleon III, Piedmont would have had no chance to unify Ital y. Napoleon IIIââ¬â¢s influence in this unification process was so extensive he alone put all of Italy together, and kept Rome out of it so as to keep the support of the Catholic church. (Geddes, 2010, final paragraph). There is also an argument that Napoleon I, Napoleon Bonaparte, had the more significant reforms in French history as opposed to Napoleon III. Napoleon I led the French, the the most powerful army in Europe, across the continent in conquerring much of Europe. History, n. d. , opening paragraph). Napoleonââ¬â¢s reforms included the new ââ¬ËNapoleonic Law Codeââ¬â¢ that he implemented in France and in the countries he conquerred, a stronger army, a renewed relationship with the pope, banking and education improvements, and support for the arts and sciences. (History, n. d. The Coup of 18 Brumaire section para. 3). But Napoleon Iââ¬â¢s reforms were self destructed when Napoleon made several key mistakes that ultimately doomed his reforms and his plan to es tablish stability back into the post-revolutionized France. History, n. d. The Coup of 18 Brumaire section para. 3). One miscue included the flop of the continental system, or Napoleon Bonaparteââ¬â¢s attempt the ruin the British economy but in backlash it only ruined the French economy. Another mistake was the catastrophic invasion of Russia. The Russian army destroyed French supply lines and Napoleon abandoned his army in the Russian winter where they attempted to retreat. Only 100,000 of the original 600,000 French survived. (History, n. d. Napoleonââ¬â¢s Downfall section para. 1). The French momentum was killed, and so was Napoleon Iââ¬â¢s popularity. Napoleon I was then forced to abdicate the throne by the combined powers of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria and he was exiled to Elba. Those same powers, in order to ensure that France wouldnââ¬â¢t try to do the same thing again all but eliminated what Napoleon I had long been working for and France was sent back to square one. (History, n. d. Napoleonââ¬â¢s Downfall section para. 2,3). Therfore, although both Napoleon Bonaparte and Louis Napoleon implemented great reforms in France, Napoleon III had the more significant reforms. Napoleon IIIââ¬â¢s reforms had more of a long-lasting effect on France and Europe. Some of these long lasting reforms included the modernization and rebuilding of Paris, improving the French railroads, and influencing the unification of Italy. Thus it is Louis Napoleon Bonaparte that deserves the credit for achieving the more significant reforms in France.
Friday, March 13, 2020
The U.S. Food Safety System
The U.S. Food Safety System Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDAââ¬â¢s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be ââ¬Å"at least equal toâ⬠federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the ââ¬Å"at least equal toâ⬠standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)