Friday, March 13, 2020
The U.S. Food Safety System
The U.S. Food Safety System Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be â€Å"at least equal to†federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the â€Å"at least equal to†standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.
Tuesday, February 25, 2020
Ancient and MEdieval Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Ancient and MEdieval Political Theory - Essay Example If only ISIS knew Nicomachean Ethics, it may have reexamined its ideological approach and realize that extremism is not the right way to go about in life. Aristotle’s discourse on Nicomachean Ethics prescribes moderation and balance on everything. It posits that anything taken to the extreme, including ideology is never good. According to Nicomachean ethics, nature teaches us that excess can destroy us (Kraut). For example, the basic of function of nutrition must be in moderation that we will only eat according to what our body needs that overeating can make us obese while under eating can make us malnourish. This law of nature also applies to morals – that is, we should exercise temperance and endeavor to achieve and preserve the mean which in plain language meant balance or moderation. Applying this to ideology, it meant that we should exercise moderation in what we believe. If are too extreme or bent or become hardliner, we could commit atrocious acts such as what ISIS is now doing to people. Extremism can also make us intolerant and blind to the perspective of others. This is a very evident in the error of reasoning of ISIS to impose their own brand of Islam of which Islamic scholars themselves dismiss as un-Islamic for nowhere in the Quran does it preach violence, rape and destruction. In their effort to impose their disagreeable perspective, they will terrorize anyone who would not heed them evident with the hundreds of Iraqis they executed when they refused to convert to their brand of Islam. Moderation must also be practiced at all times according to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Using the same example of nutrition, one has to nourish the body in moderation all the time to keep it healthy and make it strong. Obviously ISIS does not do moderation in constancy. What they are consistent about is on their ideology of hate which was borne out of extremism. This explains why terrorism will not just stop easily because the realization that
Sunday, February 9, 2020
Article and videos write ups for lessons 1 and 2 Assignment - 1
Article and videos write ups for lessons 1 and 2 - Assignment Example This article describes the humanoid evolutionary course in terms of awareness. The antiquity of the thinker is told â€Å"as if†it might be condensed to a four-act piece. If the symbol of a sequence of acts looks boring or that the advent to excellence of the human brain is too solid, then the production is an enjoyable surprise. Before Darwin, numerous scholars penned about the ancestries of man as well as the commencements of mental life. Such literatures, however, were forthrightly speculative since there were few concurred-upon evidences. There as no comprehensive hypothetical frame in which to place facts and beliefs. The article articulates that, in addition, he inspired scholars of biology and anthropological behaviour to and construe data applicable to the definite, as opposed to the fictional, "prehistory" of the human brain and man (Erickson and Liam 80). The word fieldwork is an interesting term to use to describe what an anthropologist needs to do since it embraces natural sciences and laboratory. Mostly it is about talking and observing conversations and talking to individuals as well as taking them what they think. It also encompasses doing things with other people. The video entails doing research work on three field sites, which include: The constant theme in the video resonates around the ideologies of Cultural Anthropology as a collective science that explores the way people comprehend as well as their worldly actions. The context of the short film features three associates of MITs Anthropology Division, Stefan, Erica, and Heather ho discuss their current effort and the procedure of doing fieldwork. This video involves Frans de Waal’s lecture on the moral behavior of animals. Empathy, collaboration, equality and reciprocity, which is caring about the happiness of others appears like a very human mannerism. However, Frans shares some astonishing videos of interactive tests on primates and other living things that display how several
Thursday, January 30, 2020
Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Example for Free
Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, and Romantic are all artistic movements of centuries past. It is through the artistic movements that one can capture a glimpse of society and the way life was lived during that time. Thoughts and feelings are exposed as well as facts are captured by the artist. It is as if time stands still and one can experience the past with these works of art. This is especially true when a theme or subject is used in art from different time periods.  One can see how the view of the subject has changed or stayed the same. One theme that has evolved over time is the subject of women. Their complexities, mysteries, and roles in society have been studied throughout the ages. That is why they have been a favorite point of interest for artist. If an artist can capture the essence of a woman, then he/she can capture life.            The Baroque Period was the earliest of these artistic movements. It came after the European Renaissance and spanned the whole seventeenth century. Although some features appear in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which painters, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and variety in their works.1  Baroque art was basically an answer to the Catholic Reformation. The objective of the church was to communicate the emotions of the biblical stories in art. The church desired that the patrons who were illiterate to be able to view the art and understand the story and feel the emotions that they could not comprehend because of their lack of reading. The wealthy patrons had a different purpose for the art they commissioned and this was to impress others. _____________________ Artlex. Baroque. 2008 http://www.artlex.com The focus of the paintings were to be dramatic and to tell a story that would appeal to the senses. The realism in the art of this period was incredible. The subjects were multidimensional as well as the textures accurate.            An excellent example of art from the Baroque Period is Young Girl Writing a Love Letter by the Italian painter Pietro Rotari. The painting was completed in seventeen fifty-five so it was done in the middle of the period which would represent the peak of the artistic movement. Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is not a painting with a religious theme, but Rotari did paint many that were. Instead, he chose a young woman for his subject. Even though the theme is different than most Baroque art, the young woman has a dreamy, almost angelic quality and expression on her face. There is a purity about her that reminds one of the Virgin Mary. She is resting her head on her hand while she gazes off into the distance while contemplating just the right words to write to her lover. However, one can tell from her innocent face that even though she is in love, she her motives are pure. The treatment of women as a theme in art during the Baroque Period truly reflects the religious focus during that time.            Rotari’s style is typical of the Baroque Period. His painting of Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is realistic. The young woman’s hair is painted so that it gives the appearance of her hair having strands with a few wisp of stray hairs that have fallen out of her neatly pulled back hairstyle. The silk fabric of her dress is realistically shown through the use of lights and darks. Even the wood of the desk is painted using perspectives so that it has a three dimensional look.            Rococo was the eighteenth century’s answer to the Baroque movement. As Baroque concentrated on religious figures and themes, the artist of the Rococo Period focused on the wealthy aristocracy. The ornamental, graceful curves, delicate colors, and anything of elegance were the markings of the period. The aristocracy wanted to be the focus of the art instead of heroes from history and the Bible. The movement originated in France during the reign of Louis XV. The architecture and furnishings of the day were also representative the movement.            One of the foremost painters during the Rococo Period was Jean Marc Nattier. He was a French painter who, at fifteen, painted for Peter the Great, but he was a member of King Louis XV’s court and mainly painted for him. Many of his paintings are still in France and still displayed at the Louvre. Mythological portraiture allowed Nattier to synthesize his desire to be a history painter with the financial necessity of making a living, for portraits were in demand. After the 1740s, as tastes began to change, Nattier created more straightforward representations. Financial problems and illness finally caused him to stop painting in 1762. (Getty Museum) An excellent example of Jean Marc Nattier’s work is the painting Portrait of a Young Woman Painter. The young woman is obviously an aristocrat because is adorned in a lavish yet delicate dress with a carefree look on her face as she gazes out at the painting. She has a face that is fragile as though it has never seen the sun, hard work, or bad and troublesome thoughts. Her hand is rested on her head in a ladylike pose while her smile is faint. She holds her palette as if she is not serious about painting. In fact, she looks as like there is nothing that really interest her. She is graceful and her curves are sensual as the open neckline of her dress. The background is muted as are the colors of the portrait. It is not bright and vivid as the paintings of the Baroque Period. The artist deals with the subject of a young woman as mystical. She does not standout in any way because of the muted shades, but simply fades into the background. Her palette that should have vibrant colors on them, but they are varying shades of the background. This symbolizes that a woman considering an occupation is just a frivolous idea that is fleeting. Instead of angelic as women were portrayed in the Baroque Period, the woman depicted in the Rococo movement is seen more as a status symbol. It is as if she only exist to prove that the man in her life can afford her. She would be his proof that by pampering her, he has the means to sustain his social position.            Following the Rococo Period was the Neoclassical movement which focused on the classical forms of the ancient Greek and Roman works of art. Neo-classicism was a style that emerged in Britain and France in the 1750s. Artists and architects sought to create an eternally valid true style that could be expressed across all areas of the visual arts. The style was based on the designs of Classical Greece and Rome. A major source of inspiration came from archaeological discoveries such as those made at Herculaneum and Pompeii which brought the ancient world to life. (Learn About Style) Patriotism, heroism, courage, and sacrifice were elements of the Neoclassical Period. This movement stated in the seventeen fifties, and lasted well into the eighteen hundreds.            Marie-Louise Lebrun, also known as Élisabeth-Louise Vigà ©e-Le Brun, was a famous portrait artist during the Neoclassic Period. Her paintings were simple and pure as was popular during the period. Her well known painting, Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky is typical of the Neoclassical design. There is a landscape that is faded into the background so that the focus is on the Countess. Her head is wrapped in a long flowing cloth that is reminiscent of the loose draping of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The dress is of a deep midnight blue that draws the eye to the classic lines of the clothing. Her demeanor is of a woman that is knowledgeable and intense. The Countess is has a striking pose that draws immediate attention to her. Her eyes are piercing while her smile is alluring.            The theme of woman in this picture is unique in that the subject is a female seen through the eyes of another female. It is amazing how Lebrun presents a woman of obvious strength that is not seen in the previous paintings. The Countess is a confident compelling subject. There is power in the expression of her countenance. Her intellect is shown as a positive element that only adds to her beauty. In reality this womans life was rather tragic. Her husband left her at the altar after their wedding and went to his mistress. Given the beauty of Theresa, the Countess, one wonders about the personalities of the people involved.1   A woman who lived the life of the Countess would have to have been strong and command the attention of Lebrun, who was a professional woman and was also a symbol of strength.            The Romantic Period encompassed the first half of the nineteenth century. The artist of the day concentrated on emotion, the supernatural, and the glorification of nature. _____________________ Countess Kinsky. 2008. http://hal.ucr.edu/~cathy/artists/evlb93.html Romantics were more emotional, usually melancholic, even melodramatically tragic.1  There was more of an attention to the exotic that the ancient Greece and Rome. There was also a fascination of horror. It was definitely different from artistic period in the past. One could not help but be drawn into the emotional state of the subject because it was the objective of the Romantic artist to completely convey the emotion of the subject of his/her art.            The talented Thà ©odore Chassà ©riau was characteristic of the Romantic Period. He started painting at a young age and was a master painter by the time he reached adulthood. The Angel, by Chassà ©riau, is unlike any of the angels painted in earlier artistic periods. The angel is either on earth or a place that has a similar landscape. The prominent tree trunk, the colorful fall foliage of the tree leaves, and the lush green underbrush are typical of the Romantic focus on the glorification of nature. The light fluffy clouds add to the effect. The angelic being depicted on earth is an example of spotlight on the supernatural. The expression of deep concern and pain is on the face of the being which is opposite of what most think of angels who are thought to be creatures of peace, love, and protection. However, this angel is in hurting in some way. The clothing is realistic, but the hair and feathers of the angel are more fantastic than real.            The angel is depicted as a woman in the painting The Angel. It sets the tone that women were seen as heavenly beings during the period. They were not seen as equal to men, yet men saw them as mysterious. The fact that this angel is distressed displays to _____________________  Artlex. Baroque.  2008 http://www.artlex.com the viewer that heaven might not be what the world expected it to be. As women are stereotypically emotional people, the angel is definitely female. In the Bible, the angels have male names, yet Chassà ©riau, like others of his day, portrayed it as female. Women were seen as the ones who were immensely emotional.            Women have been the subject of art ever since there was art. They are intriguing and beguiling. Each artistic period was representative of society’s view of women. It is a way to freeze a moment in time. It is an interesting idea to examine how the place of woman in society has evolved over time. Bibliography Chassà ©riau, Theodore. The Angel. 1840. Countess Kinsky. http://hal.ucr.edu/~cathy/artists/evlb93.html Getty Museum. Artist. http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=459 Learn About Style. Neoclassicism. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style05a/index.html Lebrun, Marie, Louise. Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky. 1793. Nattier, Jean Marc. Portrait of a Young Woman Painter. 1740. Rotari, Pietro. Young Woman Writing a Love Letter. 1755.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Three Different Types of Human Memory Essay example -- Human Mind, Bra
"Memory is the diary we all carry about with us," Oscar Wilde once said. Now for a second imagine a life without any memories! One wouldn't be able to remember his/her name, how to look after themselves or to even recognize their own friends and family. It would be impossible to live happily without ones memories. That is why our memories are such vital points in our lives. They are the building blocks of our current selves. Due to those reasons it is very useful to find as much information regarding it as possible. For that very purpose this research paper has been written. The purpose of this research is to uncover the truth regarding how the human brain stores and retrieve memories. Throughout this research, topics such as definition of memory, types of memory, diseases resulting in difficulties with memory, as well as the most known phenomena dà ©jà vu which is caused by a certain type of memory process will be discussed. The word memory can be defined in many ways depending on the field that the term memory is used in. To start of, the most commonly used definition for the term memory is the name given to the human’s ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the brain. It is a sum of what we remember in total and it enables us to learn and adapt from previous experiences and to build relationships. Etymologically, the modern English word memory has originated from the passed down Latin word memoria and memor which means mindful and remembering. In neurological and psychological terms memory is simply classified as a set of encoded neural connections in the brain. Since the development of the computer in the 1940s, the word memory is also used to describe the ability of a compu... ...althcommunities.com/parkinsons-disease/symptoms.shtml Mastin (2010). The Human Memory. Retrieved January 26, 2014, from http://www.human-memory.net/types.html Memory of Time May Be Factor in Parkinson's (vol.21). (1996). Retrieved from Columbia University Record website: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.15.html University of Toronto (2004, May 7). Scientists Uncover How Brain Retrieves And Stores Older Memories. Science Daily. What makes the human brain unique? (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2014, from http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/WhoAmI/FindOutMore/Yourbrain/Howdoesyourbrainwork/Whatarethepartsofyourbrain/Whatmakesthehumanbrainunique.aspx When deja vu is more than just an odd feeling. (2006, February 13). Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=2c4f7afd-5a3a-4e52-a2fb-bc729692bfb4&k=48785
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Political party Essay
I. What is a political party? II. Functions of Political Parties in the U. S. III. The Three Faces of a Party IV. Why do we have Two Party system? V. Major and Minor Party Ideologies VI. The role of Minor Parties in the U. S Political Party VII. Differences between Interest Groups and Political Parties I. What is a Political Party? ?Political Party-A group of political activists who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy. ?Functions of Political Parties in the United States ?Recruiting candidates for public office ?Organizing and running elections†¦ (political parties do not write state laws) ?Presenting alternative policies to the electoral ?Accepting responsibility for operating the government- cannot simply just quit their job ?Acting as the organized opposition to the party in power- acting as the â€Å"watch dog†to the opposite in power II. The Three Faces of a Party ?Party-in-the-Electorate- Those members of the general public who identify with a political party or who express a preference for one party over another. Does not necessarily mean they have to show who they are for, but in their â€Å"heart†they have a preference. ?Party Organization- The formal structure and leadership of a political party, including election committees; local, state, and national executives; and paid professional staff ?Party-in-Government- all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a political party. Example) President, Vice President, Congress; Federal Judges are not part of a party, goes for State Judges as well. III. Why do we have a Two-Party System? ?Historical foundations (Federalists v. Antifederalists) ?Self-Perpetuation of the two-party system? Political culture of the United States ?The winner-take-all electoral system ?Plurality- the most ?Majority-more than 50%+1% ?Proportional Represenation- example) depending of the percentage of the votes, is the percentage of what they will take in the Parliament. IV. Political Ideologies ?Republicans- Economical and Social Conservative ?Conservatism †¢Conservatives generally support the Republican Party †¢Oppose massive government intervention in politics, economics, and looks instead to market mechanisms, states localities and voluntarism to resolve the country’s problems. †¢Endorse liberty as the primary political value †¢Support traditional moral, religious, and family values and ask government to enforce the ?Democrats- Economical and social Liberal ?Liberals †¢Generally support the Democratic Party †¢Support government intervention in politics and economics to protect and expand civil rights and civil liberties and improve the conditions of the poor, minorities and women, †¢Endorse â€Å"equality†as their primary and political value †¢Favor politics of inclusion that seeks representation and participation for all V. The Role of Minor(Third) Parties (Look at Table 8. 2) ?Act as barometers of changing political mood ?Act as safety valve for dissident groups (Greens splitting from the Democrats) ?Affecting the outcome of an ?Libertarians- Economical Conservative and Social Liberals ?Want to shrink the size of the government to the bare necessities because big government is wrong and non-effective (They agree with Conservatives on that) ?On individual liberties and social issues they agree with liberals. ?Greens-Nader ?Left to Center ?Pro Environmental ?Anti Corporations ?Anti Globalization.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
The Great Disparity Between America s Upper Income And...
Our founding fathers who established this great country had essential principles that helped set the foundation for what we now stand for. Unfortunately we have been gradually losing our identity as a society and as a nation. All due to the bad governments that we’ve had over the past decade, and have put us in this situation. Our country is more divided than ever and surrounded by so much negativity. However, there is one man whose ideology and transparency can put us back on the right track, that man is Bernie Sanders. Sanders has dedicated his entire political career to fighting for justice; his experience and determination make him the ideal candidate to be the leader of the free world, the president of the United States of America. It doesn’t take much to notice that there is great disparity between social classes in America. According to economist Richard Fry and Rakesh Kochhar of the Pew Research Center, â€Å"a new analysis of wealth finds the gap between Ameri ca’s upper-income and middle-income families has reached it’s highest level on record.†Bernie Sanders believes that we should stop outsourcing and keep jobs in America so we can improve our economic situation. In other words U.S companies have left overseas to countries like China, Singapore, Vietnam etc; in order to reduce manufacturing costs that benefit the larger corporations tremendously. Senator Sanders believes that American trade policy should prioritize the needs of American workers first. That is why heShow MoreRelatedInequality Of The American Dream1368 Words  | 6 Pagesdue to obstacles. In this case, obstacles such as inequality. Many may view America has the land of opportunity and the greatest nation ever due to our vast diversity and freedom, but is this thought to be true in America itself? 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